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Ultimate DevOps and Cloud Interview Guide
Ultimate DevOps and Cloud Interview Guide that covers topic by topic scenario based Interview questions with notes.
Highest Rated
Created byAbhishek Veeramalla
Last updated 10/2025
English
German [Auto],English [Auto],
What you'll learn
- Interview Ready for DevOps and Cloud Job roles.
- Ability to answer Scenario based Interview Questions.
- Master the most commonly asked DevOps and Cloud Interview Questions.
- Complete understanding of real time challenges and scenarios faced by DevOps and Cloud Engineers.
Explore related topics
Course content
13 sections • 182 lectures • 15h 26m total length
- Introduction2:01
- Special Instructions for the learners.3:20
- GitHub repository link for the course [Don't miss]0:02
- Git Fork vs Git Clone13:34
- Explain a scenario where you used Git Fork instead of Git Clone.3:20
Explain using git fork to create a private copy for contributing to a repository with write access disabled, and using git clone for local copies when not contributing.
- Git Fork in action with example4:48
- Create a fork of the project mentioned below and create a pull request
- Git Fetch vs Git Pull3:43
- Show how does Git Fetch and Pull work in Realtime.5:08
- Which command do you use mostly - Git Fetch or Git Pull and why ?3:06
- Practice Git Fetch vs Git Pull on a GitHub Repo.
- Git Rebase vs Git Merge Detailed Explanation9:43
- Show practically how Git Rebase is different from Git Merge9:28
- How to explain Git Merge vs Git Rebase in Interviews (Short Explanation)1:22
Explain git merge versus git rebase in interviews: merge preserves full history with a merge commit, while rebase creates a cleaner linear history.
- Practice Git Merge vs Git Rebase
- Explain the Git Branching Strategy that you used in your company.6:36
- Explain 3 challenges that you faced with Git during your work experience.8:58
Explain three git challenges faced in a prior role: implementing a modified trunk-based branching strategy, tightening access control, and enforcing git hygiene with dot gitignore, pre-commit hooks, and webhooks.
- Explain the recent challenge that you faced with Git and how did you address it3:58
- How do you handle Merge conflicts in Git ?5:50
- Explain Git Merge Strategies - Ours and Theirs strategies5:26
- Create a Merge Conflict and address it locally using Git merge
- Have you ever used Git tags ? If yes, why ?5:19
- How do you combine Multiple commits into a Single commit ?4:47
- Explain 10 Git Commands that you use on Day to Day basis ?3:12
- I want to ignore pushing changes to a file to Git, How can you do it ?4:39
- What is the purpose of .git folder in a Git repository ?1:19
- Can you restore a deleted .git folder ?2:18
- A teammate accidentally committed a Kubernetes Secret (base64 encoded) to Git.4:45
- 10 linux commands that you use on day to day basis.4:27
- Can you restore lost pem file ? If not how can you access the instance ?5:23
- /Var is almost 90 percent full, What will be your next steps ?5:48
- Linux Server is slow due to High CPU utilization. How will you fix it ?4:45
- Application deployed on Nginx returns Connection Refused, How will you fix it ?3:47
- SSH to an instance stopped working ? How will you troubleshoot the issue ?4:29
- Find and list the log files older than 7 days in /var/log folder.6:51
- Find and remove the log files older than 30 days in a folder.7:35
- Cronjob + Shell script to perform advanced log rotation (Scenario Provided)19:24
Scenario:
Your application generates large logs in /var/log/myapp/ and there's no log rotation setup.
Task:
Write a shell script that compresses logs older than 7 days and deletes logs older than 30 days. Also, run it daily via cron.
- Bulk creation of linux users using CSV file.11:30
Bulk User Creation from CSV
Scenario:
You’ve received a CSV file with a list of usernames and passwords to create users on a Linux system.
Task:
Write a shell script to read the CSV and:Create each user with the specified password.
Force password change on first login.
- Service Health monitor script in Bash11:04
INPUT:
services=("nginx" "sshd" "docker")
OUTPUT:
-----------------------------------Service Health Check Report
-----------------------------------
nginx is ✅ RUNNING
-----------------------------------
sshd is ✅ RUNNING
-----------------------------------
docker is ❌ STOPPED
Attempting to restart docker...
docker has been ✅ restarted successfully.
-----------------------------------
- Find and delete files over 100MB5:39
Use the Linux find command to locate files over 100 MB for disk cleanup, then preview and delete them (with sudo and -exec) to free space on a VM.
- Get the list of users who logged in today (scenario - some packages deleted)6:39
Command:
last -F | grep "$(date '+%b %e')" | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq
- Website doesn't load, How will you investigate ??4:01
- Using sed command, how to remove first and last line of the file3:27
- What are the different types of variables in Linux ?4:01
- Kill vs Kill -9 in Linux2:38
- Explain DNS in simple words.2:04
- Explain the complete flow of the request from client to server (OSI Model)5:04
Explain the OSI model by tracing a client request from browser to server across layers seven to one, including http/https, tls/ssl, cookies, and packet routing.
- Explain the difference between Forward Proxy and Reverse Proxy3:50
- User Reports slowness in the app, How would you approach this ?5:06
- Curl Works with IP, Fails with Domain, Why ?4:10
- Website returns 502 HTTP Status code. What can be the issue ?4:35
- [Many people cant answer] What is the difference between 0.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.1 ?5:17
- What is the difference between Public and Private Subnets ?0:58
- You accidentally created a private subnet instead of public.How will you fix it?2:37
- What are Jenkins shared libraries and how do they work?2:21
- Talk about 5 build targets that you use on day to day basis.4:13
- Which artifact repository do you use for builds ?5:56
- How do you configure Artifactory for your application in Maven ?3:02
- Build Passed Locally but Fails in CI, how will you troubleshoot ?6:05
- CI Pipeline Succeeds but App is Broken in Prod, What action will you take ?7:03
- Pipeline Slows Down Over Time (Builds taking more time) - How will you fix ?6:01
- A developer pushes a feature branch, but the pipeline doesn’t trigger.3:43
- Your build fails because it can’t download a dependency from your artifact repos4:21
- Python Build Fails on CI But Works Locally, What can be the issue ?5:51
- Explain Python Application Build Process in Detail.6:08
- Using Static Code Analysis what kind of problems can you identify ?3:40
- Static Code Analysis Slows Down CI Pipeline, How will you fix it ?4:57
- App in ‘OutOfSync’ State in Argo CD, But No Git Changes4:29
- When a build fails in Jenkins, How will you send an email ?2:57
- What is the difference between for_each and for in Terraform?4:29
- What are modules in Terraform and why should we use them ?4:50
- What is the role of statefile in Terraform ?5:13
Explain how the Terraform state file acts as the brain, storing resource IDs, metadata, IPs, and last known state to guide plans and updates.
- Have you considered storing statefile in Git instead of AWS S3 or Azure Blob ?4:47
- Explain Terraform Statefile Management9:21
- Two DevOps Engineers attempts to update statefile at once. What happens ?5:07
Terraform state locking in remote backends prevents conflicts when two engineers run apply concurrently; the first wins the lock and creates the VPC, the second may fail.
- We don't have a cloud account. Where can we store the statefile?3:32
Learn how to store the Terraform state file on premises using remote backends like HashiCorp console or Terraform Enterprise, without cloud accounts, with state locking and drift detection.
- Do you use Terraform Enterprise or Community version ?4:52
- Have you heard about opentofu ? Do you think it is better than Terraform ?5:19
- Write terraform code to create any resource on AWS ?5:52
- What is the difference between Resource and Datasource in terraform ?5:39
Understand the difference between resources and data sources in Terraform, where resources create, modify, or delete cloud provider assets, while data sources read existing cloud information.
- Docker Container Exits Immediately, how will you troubleshoot ?4:43
- [90 Percent get this wrong] What is the purpose of EXPOSE in Dockerfile ?6:09
Learn the true role of the EXPOSE keyword in a Dockerfile as metadata for port documentation, not for publishing, and how Docker Compose uses it for inter-service communication.
- Port is Not Accessible on localhost even after Port mapping in Docker5:59
- Data lost when container stops and restarts, How will you fix it ?3:17
- You made change in your code, rebuilt the image, but the change isn't reflected?5:27
- App Crashes with "Permission Denied" in Container but works fine on localhost.4:32
- Docker host is running out of disk space. How do you clean up?5:09
- How will you Debug a Live Container ?2:41
- Which container registry do you use in your organization ?2:43
- Explain the difference between CMD and Entrypoint in Docker.8:31
- What docker commands you use on day to day basis ?2:42
- when will you forcefully remove a container and how ?2:08
- Explain Kubernetes Cluster Architecture.8:53
Control Plane (Master) Components
kube-apiserver
The central API endpoint (https://<master>:6443)
Authenticates, validates, and processes all REST requests (e.g., kubectl apply)
Stores state changes in etcd
etcd
A strongly consistent key–value store
Holds the entire cluster state and configuration data
kube-scheduler
Watches for newly created Pods with no assigned node
Selects an appropriate node based on resource requirements, affinity/anti-affinity, taints/tolerations, and other policies
kube-controller-manager
Runs control loops (“controllers”) that reconcile desired vs. actual cluster state, e.g.:
Node Controller: detects unhealthy nodes
Replication Controller: ensures the right number of Pod replicas
Endpoint Controller: populates Service→Pod mappings
Job Controller, DaemonSet Controller, etc.
- How various components of Kubernetes interact when you run kubectl apply (Pod)4:04
- What is the purpose of services in Kubernetes ?2:23
- Why is hardcoding Pod IP communication is a bad practice ?4:14
Learn why hardcoding pod IPs fails in Kubernetes as pods are ephemeral. Discover how services use labels and selectors to provide stable communication and avoid outages.
- What are the types of services in Kubernetes ?5:42
- What are labels and selectors in Kubernetes ?3:51
- What would you recommend NodePort service or Load balancer type service and why3:05
Compare NodePort and LoadBalancer Kubernetes service types, focusing on access scope and external exposure. Learn when to use each based on VPC access and Cloud Controller Manager availability.
- How Kubernetes Services are related to Kube Proxy ?6:58
- What is the disadvantage of LoadBalancer service type ?3:22
- What is a Headless Service in Kubernetes and when did you use it ?6:50
- Can a Pod access Service in different namespace, if Yes, how ?2:24
- Explain how you can restrict access to db pod to only one app in the namespace ?4:54
- Explain the deployment strategy that you follow in your organization.6:05
- Explain the rollback strategy that you follow in your organization.2:45
- Design a solution to avoid rollbacks.3:34
- Explain the deployment strategies that you used in the past.4:39
Explain deployment strategies used, highlighting blue-green and canary approaches: create a new environment with a load balancer for v2, and gradually roll out traffic while ensuring easy rollback.
- Explain the role of CoreDNS in Kubernetes.3:29
- A DevOps engineer tainted a node as "Noschedule". Can you still schedule a pod ?4:53
Learn how taints on a Kubernetes node marked no schedule can be overridden by pod tolerations, enabling exception scheduling during maintenance or upgrades.
- Pod is Stuck in CrashLoopBackOff, What steps will you take ?3:58
- what is the difference between liveness and readiness probes ?8:24
- Explain the difference between Ingress and LB service type.3:13
- Your app works with ClusterIP but fails with Ingress. How do you troubleshoot it5:51
- Why do I need to setup Ingress controller after creating ingress ?2:29
- We have an inhouse load balancer, Can we use Ingress with our load balancer ?4:15
- Your Deployment has replicas: 3, but only 1 pod is running. What could be wrong?6:35
- Your pod mounts a ConfigMap, but changes to the ConfigMap are not reflected ?6:21
- Explain how Node Affinity works and when will you use it ?4:03
- What is the difference between Node Affinity and Node Label Selector ?5:59
Explain how node affinity, the modern alternative to node label selector, uses required during scheduling and preferred during scheduling to place pods on labeled nodes.
- What is container runtime in Kubernetes ?2:27
- What is Kubernetes QOS ?6:55
Explain how Kubernetes assigns quality of service by pod resource requests and limits, classifying pods as best effort, Burstable, or guaranteed, guiding eviction during memory pressure.
- What are requests and limits in Kubernetes ?10:22
- Explain 3 challenges that you faced while working on Kubernetes ?33:07
- Can we use Kubernetes Master for scheduling the pods ?3:09
- Explain Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling in Kubernetes or in general5:28
- What are the different types of secrets in Kubernetes ?4:58
- What is the difference between monitoring and observability ?3:05
- how to emit custom logs and metrics in your application ?5:45
- What kind of metrics do you scrape with prometheus in your current organization?3:39
- Have you worked on Observability if yes, explain what did you do ?8:37
- What is the difference between logs, metrics and traces ?3:15
- What is the difference between push and pull based monitoring ?4:29
- Which tools have you used to build observability stack ?3:30
- Users report slowness in app. Logs don’t show errors, and CPU is good. Fix it.5:12
Diagnose app slowness by enabling debug mode, checking Grafana/Prometheus metrics, and using distributed tracing (Jaeger) to map the request path and identify latency sources.
- How do you trace a request across multiple microservices in a Kubernetes cluster7:06
- A pod crashes randomly with OOMKilled. How do you identify and fix this?5:29
- You got woken up at 2AM by false alarms. What's your strategy to reduce noise ?7:07
- Explain how will you design a highly available and scalable multi-tier app.4:30
- What is AWS NAT and when is it used ?5:59
- How to enable Internet access to the application deployed in a private subnet ?6:22
- Can applications in different subnets of a VPC interact by default, If no, why ?4:02
- Explain NACL vs SG and which on do you use in your ogranization ?5:55
- EC2 Instance terminated unexpectedly, How will you troubleshoot ?2:15
- Lambda Function Fails Randomly, How will you fix the issue ?4:29
- What will you do when AWS RDS Storage is Full ?4:54
- Developer Deleted Critical Resources like S3, RDS and EC2. What will you do ?5:01
- Explain a cost optimization activity that you performed in the current org.4:51
- Explain a recent challenge that you faced with AWS and how did you solve it ?5:08
- Auto Scaling Group Not Launching EC2, What can be the issue ?5:21
- Which AWS services do you use in your day to day life ?3:38
- Have you used AWS EFS ? If yes, what issues did you run into ?4:21
- When will you go for EFS over EBS in realtime ?3:08
- Disable AWS console access to the IAM Users.2:08
- How can AWS lambda in one AWS account connect to s3 bucket in other account ?4:07
- What is AWS STS and how does it work ?6:30
- What is trust policy in AWS and why is it used ?4:25
Understand what trust policy means in AWS and why it is used. Learn how an IAM role can be temporarily assumed via STS by services like Lambda to access DynamoDB.
- How a Lambda function in AWS Account A interact with Dynamodb in Account B ?4:47
Learn cross-account access: enable a lambda in account a to access dynamodb in account b via IAM roles, STS, trust policies, and get item.
- What are the disadvantages of using EBS volumes in Kubernetes ?4:22
- AWS Secret Manager vs Parameter Store3:15
- Explain your day-to-day activities related to Databases3:23
- Have you worked with Lambda in AWS ? Explain your activities with lambda.3:51
- What is the difference between IAM user & role ?2:56
Requirements
- No prior experience needed. You will learn everything from beginning.
Description
Ultimate DevOps and Cloud Interview Guide that covers topic by topic scenario based Interview questions with detailed notes through a GitHub Repository. All the Interview questions are collected from candidates who are actively attending Interviews for DevOps and Cloud roles.
This course covers following topics:
- Git
- Linux
- Networking
- CI/CD
- Terraform
- Docker
- Kubernetes
- Observability
- AWS
- Azure
- Project related and SDLC
GitHub repository associated with the notes has all the questions in the exact order of the course. Each question has a MD file in the repository which covers the detailed explanation of the answer for your quick reference. Questions added to this course in the future will also be updated in the GitHub repository in the same way.
The main goal of the course is to make every DevOps and Cloud aspirants job ready. If you are planning to attend Interviews or failing in clearing the Interviews currently then this course is absolutely for you. All the questions are organized to for the better experience of the user. You will find questions on various topics and sub-topics on DevOps.
Key Takeaways from the course:
- Interview Readiness
- Upskill with latest scenario based Interview Questions
- Approach to answer any scenario based Interview Question confidently.
Happy learning.
Who this course is for:
- Aspiring DevOps Engineers and DevOps Engineers looking for a Job Change.
- Aspiring DevOps Engineers Interested in learning realtime DevOps scenarios.
- DevOps Engineers Interested in enhancing their understanding on complex scenarios.